I’ve been using PC for a long time and only played with a Mac occasionally. I had doubts before the switch. But last month was the first time I fully switched to a Mac. It took some time to get used to the new keyboards, but other than that, I love it. The convenience of a Unix-based OS with an excellent GUI combines the best of both worlds. I’d glad to see that Apple’s products are going mainstream. Great products with smart/creative marketing strategies is the best combination. I’m now telling my friends about Apple more than before (just like I did with Google and now they’re the big brother we’re all afraid of).
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Startup equity basics
Par value has no relationship to the market value of a stock. The original purpose of this requirement was to protect creditors by specifying a permanent amount of capital (called legal capital)that owners could not withdraw before a bankruptcy which would leave creditors with an empty shell.
Sales of the same class of stock made at or about the same time must be at the same price or the party purchasing at the lower price may have to recognize income on the difference.
California Tax Cheats
Examples of abusive tax shelter schemes identified:
Basis Shifting: This tax scheme uses foreign corporations (in tax haven countries) and instruments to artificially increase and shift the basis of foreign shareholder stock (not subject to U.S. taxation) to stock owned by U.S. shareholders. By applying tax laws in a manner inconsistent with legislative intent, U.S. taxpayers ultimately sell their stock and report an inflated loss, despite incurring no economic loss.
Inflated Basis: These schemes use transactions that are “contingent” (not completed) to inflate an owner’s basis (ownership interest/true economic risk) in a pass-through entity investment. The taxpayer contributes cash or securities and a “contingent” liability or obligation to the pass-through entity. The taxpayer does not reduce his basis in the pass-through entity for the contingent liability under the contention that the liability item is “contingent” for tax purposes. Thus, the taxpayer creates an artificially inflated basis for the pass through entity interest, which is then used to deduct losses received from the pass through entity (losses are only deductible against the owner’s basis in a pass-through entity).
Commercial Domicile: This scheme promises taxpayers that if they incorporate in non-income taxing states, such as Nevada or Delaware, they can avoid California income taxes. This scheme requires an S corporation doing business in California to reincorporate in Nevada. Promoters of this reincorporation scheme argue that the source of the S corporation income is Nevada regardless of its business activity in California. However, a corporation doing business in California remains subject to California franchise tax, and a California resident is taxable on income from all sources, including sources in Nevada. In this situation, neither the S corporation has terminated its business activity in California, nor has the individual taxpayer terminated his or her California residency.
Source: California FTB